Continuous casting in steelmaking is a process where liquid steel is solidified into a semi-finished billet, bloom, or slab for subsequent rolling in the finishing mills. This process feeds liquid steel continuously into a short, water-cooled vertical copper mold and, at the same time, continuously withdraws the frozen shell, including the liquid steel it contains [[3](https://www.britannica.com/technology/steel/Continuous-casting)]. About 55 percent of the world’s liquid steel production is solidified in continuous casting processes, making it the most widely used method for steel solidification. The scheduling of steelmaking-continuous casting (SCC) processes is of major importance in iron and steel operations since the SCC process is often a bottleneck in iron and steel production. This scheduling problem can be considered an NP-hard problem due to its complexity and the large number of variables and constraints involved [[1](https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/continuous-casting-process)]. There are various methods and technologies used to address these challenges. For instance, some researchers have developed novel and effective unit-specific event-based continuous-time formulations for this process and extended the rolling-horizon approach to manage the scheduling problem [[1](https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/continuous-casting-process)]. Moreover, new approaches to continuous casting are being developed to improve the quality and efficiency of the process. For example, the Endless Strip Production—Thin Slab Caster (ESP TSC) approach is now considered highly competitive [[2](https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4701/12/5/862)].